H Beam

ASTM A6/A6M-22 §12.2 specifies: depth tolerance ±3.2mm for ≤ 305mm, ±4.8mm for > 305mm. Flange width ±3.2mm for ≤ 168mm, ±4.8mm for > 168mm. Web thickness +0.76/-0.38mm per §12.4. Flange squareness: 1° max per §12.6. Camber tolerance: 1/1000 of length per §12.7. Sweep: 6mm max per 10m. EN 10034:1993 Table 1: depth ±2mm for ≤ 180mm, ±3mm for 180-400mm. JIS G3192:2009 §6.1: depth ±2mm for ≤ 400mm, flange width +4/-1mm. GB/T 706: height ±2mm ≤ 400mm. Mass tolerance per ASTM A6 §13: ±2.5% individual, ±1.75% average.

ASTM A992/A992M-22 §6: yield 345-450 MPa, tensile ≥ 450 MPa, yield/tensile ratio ≤ 0.85. Elongation ≥ 18% in 200mm per ASTM A370 §7. Charpy V-notch ≥ 27 J at 21°C per supplementary S5. A572 Gr50 per ASTM A572/A572M-21 §7: yield ≥ 345 MPa, tensile ≥ 450 MPa for ≤ 100mm. EN 10025-2 S355J2: yield ≥ 355 MPa (t ≤ 16mm) per §6, ≥ 345 MPa (16-40mm), impact ≥ 27 J at -20°C per §7. EN 10034 Table 2 requires CEV ≤ 0.45% per IIW formula.

Per EN 10034:1993 Annex A and ASTM A6 §5:

(1) Billet heating in walking-hearth furnace at 1200-1250°C per ASTM A572 §5;

(2) Roughing: universal mill with horizontal+vertical rolls — 5-7 passes reducing 600mm billet to near-net shape;

(3) Finishing: precision universal mill — 7-13 passes for exact web/flange dimensions per EN 10034 Table 1;

(4) Controlled cooling on walking-beam bed: natural air convection to avoid martensite per EN 10025-2 Table NA.1;

(5) Straightening: 7-roll gantry straightener per ASTM A6 §12.3;

(6) Saw cutting ±5mm.

AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2020 Table 3.1: preheat ≥ 10°C for ≤ 25mm thickness. For thicker sections per Table 3.2 based on CEV per IIW: C + Mn/6 + (Cr+Mo+V)/5 + (Ni+Cu)/15. For A992 (C ≤ 0.23%, Mn 0.50-1.35% per ASTM A992 §6.1): CEV ≈ 0.38-0.45 — preheat 10-65°C for 25-50mm, 110-160°C for 50-75mm. Interpass max 315°C per Table 3.5. Filler per AWS A5.1 E7018. Max heat input per Table 4.5: 2.0-3.0 kJ/mm. PWHT not required for ≤ 50mm per §4.2.3.

Per AISC 360-22 §F2: nominal flexural strength M_n = F_y × Z_x. For W360×110 (A992, F_y = 345 MPa): Z_x = 1,910 cm³, M_n = 659 kN·m, φ_b = 0.90 per §F1. Shear per §G2: φ_v V_n = 1.00 × 0.6 × F_y × A_w × C_v. A_w = d × t_w = 360 × 11.2 = 4,032 mm² → φ_v V_n = 835 kN. Web slenderness h/t_w per Table B4.1b: ≤ 5.70√(E/F_y) = 137. Flange compactness b_f/2t_f per Table B4.1b: λ_p = 0.38√(E/F_y) = 9.2.

EN 10204:2004 Type 3.1 or Type 3.2 (SGS/BV/TÜV). ASTM A6 §14 requires: chemical per ASTM A751; tensile per ASTM A370 §5-9; Charpy per A370 §19-28; dimensional per Table 12-14. NDT per ASTM E709 (magnetic particle) for flanges ≥ 38mm. EN 10034 §8: straightness per Table 4. GB/T 706: bend per GB/T 232. Calibration per ISO 17025. Rejection per ASTM A6 §16: any dimension outside Table limits or mechanical failing retest per §15.

ASCE 7-22 Table C3-1: live load deflection L/360 for roof, L/240 for floor. For W360×110 at 6m: S_x = 1,760 cm³, M_max = wL²/8 per AISC Table 3-23. Factored per ASCE 7 §2.3.1: 1.2D + 1.6L. Deflection δ = 5wL⁴/(384EI_x) per AISC §F2. I_x = 315×10⁶ mm⁴, E = 200 GPa. For 20 kN/m UDL: δ = 5.4mm = L/1,111 — within L/240 limit. AISC Manual Table 3-10 provides allowable loads.

Per ASTM A6 §17 and ISO 12944:

(1) Mill finish (black) with mill scale for indoor use per ASTM A6 §5;

(2) Hot-dip galvanized per ISO 1461:2022 §6 — ≥ 600 g/m² (85 μm) for steel ≥ 6mm;

(3) Epoxy zinc-rich primer per ISO 12944-5 C3 (urban), C4 (industrial), C5-M (coastal);

(4) Fire protection intumescent coating per EN 1993-1-2 §4.2.3;

(5) Weathering steel (no coating needed) per ASTM A588.

Zinc silicate per SSPC-Paint 20 for ≥ 25 years per AS/NZS 2312.2.